Style File: How Black People Dressed in the 70s + Trends Now


Style File: How Black People Dressed in the 70s + Trends Now

Style tendencies throughout the Black neighborhood through the Nineteen Seventies had been numerous and mirrored a posh interaction of cultural delight, social commentary, and particular person expression. Clothes and types ranged from embracing African heritage to adopting modern mainstream tendencies, typically imbued with a singular Black sensibility. The last decade witnessed a strong assertion of id communicated by clothes selections.

The types worn served as a visible illustration of empowerment and resistance in opposition to systemic inequalities. The adoption of pure hairstyles and African-inspired clothes signaled a reclamation of cultural roots and a rejection of Eurocentric magnificence requirements. These sartorial selections turned highly effective statements of Black delight and solidarity. Moreover, the affect of music genres like funk, soul, and disco closely formed style preferences, contributing to a vibrant and revolutionary aesthetic.

Understanding the nuances of clothes and magnificence throughout this era requires inspecting key influences such because the Black Arts Motion, the rise of Blaxploitation movies, and the evolving social and political panorama. These elements considerably formed the various vary of appears to be like noticed throughout the Black neighborhood through the Nineteen Seventies. A number of outstanding style tendencies and the figures who popularized them shall be explored intimately.

1. Afrocentricity

The Nineteen Seventies witnessed a profound shift in Black id, a turning inward in direction of African roots and a vibrant embrace of heritage. This motion, termed Afrocentricity, profoundly formed the best way Black people introduced themselves to the world, basically influencing clothes and magnificence selections.

  • Pure Hairstyles: The Crown of Identification

    The rejection of chemically straightened hair in favor of pure types just like the Afro turned a strong image of self-acceptance and cultural delight. The Afro, fastidiously sculpted and maintained, was not merely a coiffure however a press release of defiance in opposition to Eurocentric magnificence requirements, echoing the sentiment of “Black is Stunning.” This aware resolution influenced the general aesthetic, with clothes selections typically complementing the daring assertion made by the hair.

  • Dashikis and African Prints: Clothes of Heritage

    Conventional African clothes, notably the dashiki, gained widespread recognition. These brightly coloured, loose-fitting shirts weren’t simply clothes; they had been tangible connections to ancestral roots. The incorporation of African prints, with their intricate patterns and vibrant hues, into on a regular basis put on additional underscored this celebration of heritage. Carrying these clothes was an act of cultural reclamation, a visual assertion of id in a society that always marginalized Black tradition.

  • African-Impressed Equipment: Adornments of Ancestry

    Equipment performed a vital position in finishing the Afrocentric look. Wood beads, cowrie shells, and leather-based jewellery turned ubiquitous, including layers of that means and symbolism to outfits. These things, typically handcrafted and imbued with cultural significance, served as fixed reminders of African ancestry. The strategic use of equipment remodeled bizarre apparel into a strong expression of cultural delight and connection to the diaspora.

  • The Affect of the Black Arts Motion: Style as a Type of Protest

    The Black Arts Motion, a cultural explosion of creativity and activism, profoundly impacted style selections. Artists, writers, and musicians used clothes as a visible medium to specific their political and social views. Afrocentric types turned synonymous with resistance in opposition to oppression and a requirement for equality. This politicization of style meant that what one wore was typically a aware resolution to align with a broader motion for social justice.

In essence, Afrocentricity within the Nineteen Seventies was greater than only a pattern; it was a cultural revolution expressed by private fashion. The deliberate selections made in clothes, hairstyles, and equipment mirrored a deep-seated want to reclaim African heritage, problem prevailing magnificence requirements, and assert Black id with delight and defiance. This period cemented the concept style may very well be a strong instrument for cultural expression and social change.

2. Bell-bottoms

Bell-bottoms, a defining silhouette of the Nineteen Seventies, transcended mere style pattern throughout the Black neighborhood. They turned a canvas upon which individuality, cultural adaptation, and social id had been painted. Whereas ubiquitous throughout demographics, the best way bell-bottoms had been adopted and styled by Black people tells a singular story of appropriation and reinvention.

  • Adaptation and Personalization

    Black style throughout this period was hardly ever a simple adoption of mainstream tendencies. Bell-bottoms, typically bought inexpensively or hand-sewn, had been personalized to mirror particular person fashion. Patchwork denim, elaborate embroidery, and painted by hand designs remodeled these mass-produced clothes into distinctive items. The addition of daring colours and unconventional materials additional distinguished Black interpretations from their mainstream counterparts, showcasing a aptitude for creativity and resourcefulness born from necessity and a want for self-expression.

  • The Affect of Music and Dance

    The rhythmic pulse of funk, soul, and disco closely influenced the styling of bell-bottoms. The large legs amplified motion on the dance flooring, changing into an integral a part of the efficiency. Bell-bottoms had been paired with platform sneakers so as to add peak and drama, making a visually placing silhouette that commanded consideration. This symbiotic relationship between music, dance, and style solidified bell-bottoms as a staple in Black nightlife and creative expression, signifying a way of freedom and enthusiasm.

  • A Counterpoint to Conformity

    Whereas Afrocentric types represented a direct embrace of African heritage, the adoption of bell-bottoms, a mainstream pattern, additionally served as a refined act of resistance. By taking a broadly accepted garment and infusing it with particular person fashion and cultural aptitude, Black people asserted their presence inside mainstream society with out sacrificing their id. Bell-bottoms turned a bridge between assimilation and cultural preservation, permitting for participation in broader tendencies whereas sustaining a definite sense of self.

  • Past Gender Norms

    The androgynous nature of bell-bottoms allowed for experimentation with gender expression. Women and men alike embraced the silhouette, difficult conventional notions of masculine and female dressing. The fluidity of the garment facilitated the blurring of gender strains, selling a extra inclusive and expressive method to style. This challenged societal expectations and promoted a way of liberation by sartorial selections.

The story of bell-bottoms demonstrates how Black people within the Nineteen Seventies navigated the complexities of id and social change. They weren’t mere followers of style tendencies; they had been energetic members in a cultural dialogue, utilizing clothes to speak their individuality, heritage, and aspirations. The common-or-garden bell-bottom, of their palms, turned a strong instrument of self-expression and social commentary, contributing considerably to the colourful tapestry of Black style throughout that period.

3. Platform sneakers

Towering above the streets, platform sneakers had been extra than simply footwear through the Nineteen Seventies; they had been elevated statements of favor, notably throughout the Black neighborhood. The sneakers mirrored a want to face out, each actually and figuratively, in a society present process vital social and cultural shifts. The story of platforms is intertwined with the period’s music, dance, and burgeoning sense of id.

  • Disco’s Dance Ground Elevation

    The rise of disco music in Black golf equipment offered the proper stage for platform sneakers. The added peak accentuated dance strikes, turning wearers into shimmering, gravity-defying figures beneath the flashing lights. Platforms turned synonymous with disco tradition, an emblem of liberation and self-expression on the dance flooring. Think about the scene: synchronized steps, glittering outfits, and the rhythmic thump of the bass, all amplified by the platform’s emphatic presence.

  • A Daring Expression of Individuality

    Past the dance flooring, platforms provided a canvas for private fashion. From cork wedges adorned with vibrant prints to stacked heels wrapped in shimmering materials, platform sneakers allowed for individuality to shine. It was frequent to see hand-painted designs, customized gildings, and unconventional coloration mixtures, remodeling bizarre footwear into distinctive artistic endeavors. These selections resonated with the broader cultural emphasis on self-expression and the rejection of conformity.

  • Difficult Gender Norms

    Platform sneakers weren’t confined to 1 gender; they turned a unisex image of defiance in opposition to conventional norms. Women and men alike embraced the added peak and daring aesthetic, blurring the strains between masculine and female types. The sneakers’ inherent flamboyance challenged typical expectations, selling a extra fluid and inclusive method to style. This sartorial rebel mirrored the period’s broader questioning of established social constructs.

  • A Image of Empowerment

    In a time of social and political upheaval, platform sneakers represented a type of empowerment. The added peak offered a way of bodily presence and confidence, permitting wearers to actually look down upon the world. This visible benefit turned a metaphor for the neighborhood’s rising assertiveness and its dedication to problem systemic inequalities. Platforms weren’t nearly style; they had been an emblem of resilience and a press release of self-worth.

The connection between platform sneakers and Black style within the Nineteen Seventies demonstrates the ability of clothes to mirror and form cultural id. These towering sneakers had been greater than only a pattern; they had been symbols of music, individuality, gender fluidity, and empowerment, every step echoing the period’s advanced and transformative narrative. The platforms carried the burden of self-expression and have become an integral chapter of answering the query, “How did black folks costume within the 70s.”

4. Daring colours

The Nineteen Seventies exploded with hues, a vibrant rebel in opposition to the subdued tones of the previous. Inside Black communities, this embrace of daring colours went past mere pattern; it was a deliberate assertion. Consider the deep oranges and yellows of dashikis, mirroring the African solar, or the electrical blues and greens of bell-bottom fits strutting down metropolis streets. These weren’t unintentional selections. They had been visible declarations of presence, of pleasure, and of an id demanding to be seen. The adoption of those colours mirrored the arrogance swelling inside a neighborhood combating for equality and self-determination. One may envision a household portrait from the period: a mom in a fiery purple costume, her son in a sunshine-yellow shirt, colours that screamed, “We’re right here, and we’re vibrant.”

The impression prolonged past private wardrobes. Discover the album covers of soul and funk legends, splashed with psychedelic palettes. Contemplate the Blaxploitation movies, the place each costume dripped with saturated coloration, reflecting the characters’ unapologetic attitudes. These photographs permeated well-liked tradition, shaping perceptions and provoking additional experimentation. Inside design, too, felt the affect, with residing rooms remodeled into explosions of coloration and sample. The boldness turned a trademark, a approach to reclaim and redefine areas, reflecting the neighborhood’s creativity and resilience. The impact was a visible language, understood and celebrated, distinguishing Black style from the mainstream.

Finally, the embrace of daring colours offers a vital lens by which to know Black style within the Nineteen Seventies. It was a aware act of self-expression, a visible illustration of cultural delight, and a strong problem to societal norms. Whereas the materials, silhouettes, and types provided selection, the colourful palette served because the unifying thread, a testomony to the neighborhood’s enduring spirit and its unwavering dedication to creating its voice heard, and its presence felt, in a world that had lengthy sought to silence it. It is unimaginable to debate “how did black folks costume within the 70s” with out acknowledging the transformative energy of daring colours.

5. Leisure fits

The leisure swimsuit, an emblem of Nineteen Seventies relaxed sophistication, carved a definite area of interest inside Black style. It provided a flexible different to the extra formal apparel of earlier a long time, whereas nonetheless projecting an air of put-together confidence. The swimsuit wasn’t only a garment; it was a automobile for expression, tailored and styled to mirror the distinctive sensibilities of the neighborhood.

  • The Informal Class of Adaptability

    Inside Black communities, the leisure swimsuit transcended its mass-market origins. It turned a canvas for individuality. Usually tailor-made for a extra streamlined match than its boxy counterparts, leisure fits had been often paired with daring equipment: large belts with placing buckles, patterned costume shirts with open collars, and naturally, the ever-present platform sneakers. One may recall a sharply dressed man at a household gathering, his brown leisure swimsuit impeccably tailor-made, a gold chain glinting in opposition to his open-collared shirt an image of easy fashion.

  • A Step Away from Conference

    The leisure swimsuit represented a aware departure from the inflexible formality of earlier generations. Whereas nonetheless sustaining a degree of respectability, it allowed for a extra relaxed and comfy method to dressing. This resonated notably with these in search of to problem established norms and categorical themselves freely. The swimsuit embodied a way of liberation, a possibility to venture confidence with out sacrificing private consolation. Consider the musician on stage, his white leisure swimsuit shimmering beneath the lights, exuding coolness and charisma.

  • Signifier of Social Mobility

    For some, the leisure swimsuit symbolized upward mobility and financial progress. It represented a step into the center class, a tangible signal of attaining the American Dream. Carrying a well-maintained leisure swimsuit to church or a neighborhood occasion signified respectability and success, a visible illustration of laborious work and dedication. This aspiration made the leisure swimsuit an aspirational purpose, representing achievement and neighborhood delight.

  • Affect of Blaxploitation Cinema

    Blaxploitation movies, with their larger-than-life characters and vibrant aesthetics, undeniably influenced the leisure swimsuit’s recognition. The heroes and anti-heroes on display typically sported trendy leisure fits, projecting a picture of energy, confidence, and streetwise sophistication. These cinematic portrayals amplified the swimsuit’s enchantment, solidifying its place as an emblem of cool and contributing to its widespread adoption inside Black communities. They made an impression on “how did black folks costume within the 70s.”

Finally, the leisure swimsuit turned greater than only a piece of clothes; it was a cultural artifact, reflecting the aspirations, experiences, and stylistic improvements of Black people through the Nineteen Seventies. It represented a posh interaction of social mobility, private expression, and cultural affect, all woven into the material of a single garment. The flexibility and adaptable nature of the swimsuit mirrored the resourcefulness and flexibility of the neighborhood itself, leaving a long-lasting imprint on the last decade’s style panorama.

6. Dashikis

The story of the dashiki within the Nineteen Seventies is a vibrant thread woven into the bigger tapestry of how Black people expressed themselves by clothes. It was greater than only a garment; it was an emblem loaded with that means, representing a potent mix of cultural delight, political consciousness, and a craving for connection to ancestral roots. The dashiki’s prominence mirrored a broader motion of self-discovery and a rejection of Eurocentric norms that had lengthy dominated the style panorama.

  • A Garment of Cultural Reclamation

    The dashiki’s rise coincided with the Black Arts Motion and a rising consciousness of African heritage. Carrying a dashiki was a deliberate act of cultural reclamation, a visual rejection of assimilation. The colourful materials, typically adorned with intricate patterns and symbols, served as a strong counterpoint to the prevailing style tendencies. This was a aware option to rejoice African aesthetics, a approach to say, “My heritage is gorgeous, and I’ll put on it with delight.” Think about a school pupil, attending a protest march, his dashiki a daring assertion amidst a sea of denim, a visible declaration of his allegiance to a trigger.

  • Image of Pan-Africanism

    The dashiki’s recognition prolonged past nationwide borders, changing into an emblem of Pan-Africanism and solidarity amongst folks of African descent throughout the globe. It represented a shared heritage, a connection to a continent typically romanticized and yearned for. Carrying a dashiki was a approach to categorical kinship with others who shared an analogous historical past and confronted related challenges. Image a household gathering, with family members from totally different components of the world, all sporting dashikis, united by a standard thread of cultural id and a shared want for liberation.

  • A Problem to Western Aesthetics

    The dashiki’s unfastened, flowing silhouette challenged the prevailing Western emphasis on tailor-made, form-fitting clothes. Its consolation and ease of wear and tear represented a rejection of restrictive clothes and a celebration of pure motion. The colourful colours and daring patterns clashed with the often-subdued palette of mainstream style, creating a visible distinction that demanded consideration. Contemplate the picture of a Black Panther member, his dashiki a strong image of defiance, standing in stark distinction to the fits and ties of the political institution.

  • Dashiki and Self-Expression

    The dashiki was not a uniform; it was a canvas for self-expression. People personalised their dashikis with distinctive embroidery, beading, and different gildings, reflecting their particular person tastes and personalities. The materials ranged from conventional African prints to extra modern designs, permitting for a variety of sartorial selections. It offered a method to connect with the broader motion of cultural delight whereas sustaining a way of individuality, reflecting a want for solidarity and a love for uniqueness. It turned an intimate story.

The dashiki, subsequently, stands as a compelling instance of how Black people used clothes to specific their id, problem social norms, and join with their heritage through the Nineteen Seventies. It was greater than only a style pattern; it was an emblem of cultural delight, political consciousness, and a craving for self-determination, deeply embedded within the wealthy tapestry of answering “How did black folks costume within the 70s.”

7. Assertion jewellery

Within the vibrant tableau of Black style through the Nineteen Seventies, assertion jewellery was not merely ornamentation; it was a declaration. It amplified voices, carried histories, and refracted the sunshine of a neighborhood forging its personal id. These items, daring and unapologetic, informed tales that cloth alone couldn’t.

  • Adornment as Armor: Defiance and Self-Assertion

    Contemplate the outsized pendants depicting African maps or the clenched fist of Black Energy. These weren’t refined accents; they had been shields, worn to deflect the ingrained biases of a society scuffling with racial equality. Each chain, each carving, spoke of resilience and a refusal to be silenced. Envision a younger lady, going through the day by day indignities of a prejudiced world, her daring Afro topped with a headwrap, a big ankh pendant resting in opposition to her chest a tangible manifestation of her heritage and unyielding spirit.

  • The Language of Supplies: Earth and Identification

    The selection of supplies was as vital because the designs themselves. Wooden, leather-based, bone, and cowrie shells, sourced from the earth and echoing ancestral traditions, changed the chilly gleam of diamonds as symbols of standing and sweetness. These pure components linked the wearer to their roots, a tangible hyperlink to a historical past that had been systematically erased. Think about a bunch of mates, laughing and dancing at a block get together, their wrists adorned with intricately beaded bracelets, every bead a testomony to craftsmanship and cultural delight.

  • Amplifying Afrocentricity: A Visible Liturgy

    Assertion jewellery served as a visible extension of the Afrocentric motion. Giant, ornate necklaces that includes Egyptian iconography, just like the Eye of Ra or the Ankh, had been worn as badges of cultural consciousness, remodeling on a regular basis apparel right into a reverent homage to African civilizations. These items weren’t simply equipment; they had been symbols of information, energy, and religious connection. Consider a neighborhood elder, main a dialogue on Black historical past, his neck adorned with a heavy gold chain, every hyperlink representing a technology of battle and triumph.

  • Personalization and Individuality: A Symphony of Types

    Whereas rooted in shared cultural motifs, assertion jewellery additionally allowed for a deeply private expression. From hand-carved wood earrings to elaborate beaded necklaces, every bit mirrored the distinctive tastes and creative sensibilities of its wearer. These weren’t mass-produced objects; they had been typically handcrafted or meticulously curated, reflecting a deep connection to the inventive course of. One may think a jazz musician, his fingers dancing throughout the keys, his wrist adorned with a silver bracelet, every attraction telling a narrative of his life and creative journey.

Thus, assertion jewellery was an integral element of “how did black folks costume within the 70s.” These equipment had been highly effective instruments of self-expression, resistance, and cultural affirmation. They not solely complemented the period’s clothes but additionally amplified the voices and tales of a neighborhood decided to form its personal narrative. These had been testaments to energy, love and cultural consciousness.

Incessantly Requested Questions

The last decade of the Nineteen Seventies represents a very wealthy and multifaceted chapter within the story of Black style. Past the tendencies and types, a profound cultural narrative unfolds. The next questions handle some frequent inquiries and make clear the nuances of this dynamic period.

Query 1: Was there a single, unified “Black fashion” through the Nineteen Seventies?

No, such a monolithic fashion didn’t exist. The Black neighborhood shouldn’t be a monolith, and expression by clothes mirrored this. A tapestry of influences converged, starting from Afrocentric delight to embracing mainstream tendencies, leading to numerous appearances. Think about two people: one adorned in a dashiki and pure hair, the opposite in a tailor-made leisure swimsuit with platform sneakers. Each characterize genuine expressions of Black id throughout that interval, difficult the notion of a singular fashion.

Query 2: How did the Civil Rights Motion affect style selections?

The Civil Rights Motion laid the groundwork for the cultural revolution that adopted. The struggle for equality fostered a way of empowerment and self-determination. This manifested by the adoption of pure hairstyles, African-inspired clothes, and the aware rejection of Eurocentric magnificence requirements. Every garment alternative turned a silent protest, a visible assertion of Black delight and a refusal to evolve to oppressive norms.

Query 3: What position did music play in shaping style tendencies?

Music served as a strong catalyst for style innovation. Funk, soul, and disco genres closely influenced sartorial selections, dictating particular materials, silhouettes, and equipment. Contemplate the impression of disco on the recognition of platform sneakers and shimmering materials, or the affect of funk on daring colours and eclectic patterns. Music offered the soundtrack for a technology expressing its id by dance and magnificence.

Query 4: Have been financial elements a consideration in clothes selections?

Undeniably. For a lot of, entry to costly designer clothes was restricted. This spurred creativity and resourcefulness. Thrift shops turned treasure troves, and the power to stitch and tailor clothes was extremely valued. Improvisation and adaptation had been hallmarks of the period. A easy pair of bell-bottoms may very well be remodeled into a singular assertion piece by patchwork, embroidery, or hand-painted designs. Limitation fostered innovation.

Query 5: How did Blaxploitation movies impression the notion of Black style?

Blaxploitation cinema, whereas controversial, undeniably influenced the visible panorama. The characters, each heroes and villains, had been typically impeccably dressed, projecting a picture of energy, confidence, and streetwise sophistication. These cinematic portrayals, although typically exaggerated, helped to popularize sure types, similar to leisure fits and daring equipment, solidifying their place within the well-liked consciousness.

Query 6: Did these types fade after the Nineteen Seventies?

Style is cyclical. Whereas particular tendencies could have waned, the underlying themes of self-expression, cultural delight, and resistance proceed to resonate. The affect of Nineteen Seventies Black style might be seen in modern designs, from the resurgence of pure hairstyles to the incorporation of African prints into trendy clothes. The legacy lives on, inspiring new generations to embrace their id by clothes.

In conclusion, understanding Black style within the Nineteen Seventies requires contemplating a large number of things: cultural delight, political consciousness, financial realities, and the pervasive affect of music and cinema. The types of the last decade characterize a posh and dynamic dialog, reflecting the hopes, desires, and struggles of a neighborhood forging its personal path.

This exploration of Black style within the Nineteen Seventies serves as a basis for understanding the lasting cultural and societal impacts.

Suggestions

Recreating the fashion of the Black neighborhood within the Nineteen Seventies is not about costume play; it is about respectfully drawing inspiration from a interval of profound cultural expression. Method it with reverence, understanding that every garment carries historical past.

Tip 1: Prioritize Authenticity Over Appropriation. Imitation with out understanding borders on caricature. Research the nuances of Afrocentric types, leisure fits, and bell-bottoms. Search out classic images, watch documentaries, and browse accounts from people who lived by the period. Information is one of the best basis.

Tip 2: Embrace the Spirit of Resourcefulness. The last decade was marked by creativity born of necessity. Discover thrift shops and classic outlets for unique items or inspiration. Contemplate repurposing current clothes or studying fundamental stitching expertise to customise your wardrobe. Authenticity typically lies in imperfection.

Tip 3: Let the Music Information You. Funk, soul, and disco offered the soundtrack to the period, and they need to inform your aesthetic selections. Take heed to the music, watch live performance footage, and observe the types of iconic performers. Let the rhythm and vitality of the music encourage your clothes selections.

Tip 4: Boldness Ought to Be Deliberate. Colours had been vibrant, patterns had been placing, and silhouettes had been typically dramatic. Nevertheless, keep away from approaching these components haphazardly. Curate a wardrobe that displays your character whereas respecting the historic context. A well-chosen accent can converse volumes.

Tip 5: Pay Homage, Dont Parody. There’s a superb line between paying tribute and making a caricature. Do not forget that style was a way of expression and resistance. Method these types with a way of reverence and keep away from lowering them to mere costume. The load of historical past issues.

Tip 6: Coiffure is Key.Afros, braids, and different pure types had been outstanding and highly effective statements. Analysis and perceive the importance behind these hairstyles, making certain respect and appreciation for the cultural context from which they originated.

By embracing the following tips, one can respectfully honor the legacy of Black style within the Nineteen Seventies, creating a glance that’s each trendy and significant. Each alternative, from the colour of a shirt to the fashion of a shoe, is a type of storytelling.

The journey by style historical past provides a possibility for self-discovery and appreciation. From self-discovery, it’s a matter of time when this matter will evolve and affect future creations.

A Reflection on Type, Substance, and Soul

The exploration into how Black folks dressed within the 70s reveals extra than simply fleeting tendencies; it uncovers a posh narrative of self-expression, cultural reclamation, and resistance. From the daring pronouncements of Afrocentricity to the individualized adaptation of mainstream fashions, the clothes of that period turned a strong technique of communication. The dashikis, bell-bottoms, platform sneakers, and assertion jewellery weren’t mere clothes; they had been statements, every thread imbued with the burden of historical past and the colourful vitality of a neighborhood decided to outline itself by itself phrases.

The story of Black style within the Nineteen Seventies serves as a poignant reminder of the enduring energy of favor to mirror and form id. It challenges people to contemplate the deeper meanings embedded in clothes selections, to understand the cultural context that informs aesthetic preferences, and to acknowledge the profound impression of self-expression on the broader social panorama. Let the colourful echo of this period encourage a continued exploration of favor as a way of celebrating variety, difficult conference, and forging a extra inclusive and equitable future. The sartorial story of the 70’s is eternally current in at present’s society and designs.

close
close